Edgewater, FL, USA
N8082A
CESSNA 170B
N425AE
GRUMMAN AMERICAN AVN. CORP. AA-5B
A Cessna 170B and a Grumman American AA-5B were participating in a five-airplane recreational formation flight when the two airplanes collided midair. After takeoff from the departure airport, the flight formed into a "Vic," or "V," formation with the Grumman in the No. 2 position to the left of the flight leader and the Cessna in the No. 3 position to the right of the flight leader. The formation flight turned south toward its destination. Due to the position of the sun, the flight leader decided to change to a left echelon formation, which would position the airplanes diagonally to his left, with each airplane stacked slightly lower than (stepped down), behind, and to the left of the airplane ahead. The Grumman remained in the No. 2 position. The Cessna was to transition across from right to left so that it would be in the No. 3 position to the left and aft of the Grumman. According to two other pilots in the formation, when the flight leader commanded the Cessna to the left, the Cessna started to move slowly to the left into position behind the Grumman. The airplanes then contacted each other, and the Grumman abruptly pitched up and looked as if it was entering a loop. The Cessna moved upward before its tail began moving to the left and disappeared from view. Witnesses driving on an interstate highway near the accident site saw the formation flight traveling southbound. The formation flight was about 1/4-mile west of the highway when the collision occurred, and they observed part of the wing from the Cessna come off before the fuselage tumbled and rapidly descend behind a tree line. The witnesses also saw the Grumman descend rapidly, almost straight down, until losing sight of it. The witnesses saw parts from both airplanes descend to the ground with one-piece landing in the median between the northbound and southbound interstate lanes. Examination of the Cessna wreckage did not reveal any evidence of preimpact failure or malfunction that would have precluded normal operation; however, the examination did reveal the presence of paint transfers that matched the trim color of the Grumman. The paint transfers were on the leading edge of the vertical stabilizer, which had been crushed back; the right horizontal stabilizer; and the right side of the aft fuselage. The Cessna's right wing flap (the wing part that witnesses saw falling) came to rest northeast of the Cessna main wreckage. The right wing flap had separated from its mounting location, and the inboard section of the right aileron was missing. The right aileron control cables and right wing flap tracks had been severed, and the area just forward of the right wing flap mounting location displayed evidence of propeller strikes and was missing large sections of its structure. Examination of the Grumman wreckage also did not reveal any evidence of preimpact failure or malfunction that would have precluded normal operation. No major portions of the airplane were missing, but the leading edges of the propeller blades were damaged and displayed semicircular gouges, which matched the diameter of the aileron cables in the Cessna's right wing. These damage signatures, combined with the descriptions of the witnesses, indicate that the Cessna contacted the Grumman from below and that the Grumman's propeller severed the Cessna's right wing flap tracks and right aileron control cables when the upper surface of the Cessna's right wing contacted the Grumman's propeller. The formation flight was composed of dissimilar airplanes; the lead airplane was a biplane, the Cessna and another airplane were configured with high wings, and the Grumman and another airplane were configured with low wings. Dissimilar airplanes in the same formation present unique safety risks including differences in visibility from one type to another and thus potentially significant blind spots. When both high- and low- wing airplanes are flying together in formation, the areas that are not visible outside of the cockpit due to airframe structural obstructions may not be complementary, which increases the risk of losing sight of other airplanes in the formation. In this case, the stepped-down nature of the left echelon formation resulted in a greater area of visual obstruction for the Cessna pilot due to the airplane's high wing configuration, and an increased risk of collision when compared to a stepped-up vertical position, which would have provided the Cessna pilot with a better view of the other airplanes in the formation ahead and to either side. The converse would be true for the low-wing airplanes operating in the formation. Therefore the decision to operate with dissimilar airplanes in the formation may have hindered the Cessna pilot's ability to see and maintain adequate clearance from the Grumman while transitioning to the echelon formation.
HISTORY OF FLIGHTOn April 1, 2017, about 0846 eastern daylight time, a Cessna 170B, N8082D, and a Grumman American AA-5B, N425AE, were destroyed during an in-flight collision over Edgewater, Florida. The airline transport pilot flying the Cessna and the airline transport pilot flying the Grumman were fatally injured. Both airplanes were owned and operated by their respective pilots as Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 personal flights. No flight plans were filed, and visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The airplanes were part of a recreational formation flight that departed from Spruce Creek Airport (7FL6), Daytona Beach, Florida, about 0839 and were destined for Arthur Dunn Airpark (X21), Titusville, Florida. Three other airplanes were part of the formation flight: a Great Lakes biplane, a Grumman AA-1C (referred to in this report as the Lynx), and an American Champion 8KCAB (referred to in this report as the Super Decathlon). All five pilots participating in the formation flight were members of a pilot group based at 7FL6. On the morning of the accident, the group members were flying to X21 to attend a monthly breakfast event. The five-airplane formation flight took off from 7FL6. The flight leader was flying the biplane, which took off with the accident Grumman in formation first; the accident Cessna and the Lynx took off in formation next followed by the Super Decathlon. The flight initially formed into a five-airplane "V" formation (see figure 1), with the biplane at the apex, the Grumman in the No. 2 position (to the left and aft of the biplane), the Cessna in the No. 3 position (to the right and aft of the biplane), the Lynx in the No. 4 position (to the right and aft of the Cessna), and the Super Decathlon in the No. 5 position (to the left and aft of the Grumman). Figure 1 – Example of a 5-airplane "V" formation (aircraft pictured not representative of those involved in this accident). The formation flight then turned south toward X21. Due to the position of the sun, the flight leader decided to change to a left echelon formation (see figure 2), which would have allowed the pilots to avoid the sun glare. In the left echelon formation, the airplanes would be arranged diagonally to the left of the biplane, with each airplane positioned slightly lower than (stepped down), behind, and to the left of the airplane ahead. This formation would require the Cessna and the Lynx to transition across the formation from right to left behind the leader. The Grumman would remain in the No. 2 position to the left and aft of the leader; the Cessna, in the No. 3 position, would be to the left and aft of the Grumman; the Lynx, in the No. 4 position, would be to the left and aft of the Cessna; and the Super Decathlon, in the No. 5 position, would be to the left and aft of the Lynx. Figure 2 – Example of a 5-airplane echelon left formation (aircraft pictured not representative of those involved in this accident). According to the flight leader, moments after he commanded the Cessna and the Lynx to transition across the formation to the left, he saw at his 7:00 position a "flash" of something white that looked like the bottom of an airplane. According to the pilot of the Lynx, when the flight leader commanded his airplane and the Cessna to transition to the left, he heard the flight leader state "cleared to cross," and he observed the Cessna start to move to the left "slow and normal." The Lynx pilot stayed with the Cessna, and, when the Cessna was almost on the left echelon bearing line, he saw the airplane move into position behind the Grumman. The Lynx pilot then suddenly saw "parts" coming toward him on his airplane's right side along with what appeared to be "vapor." The Lynx pilot also saw the Grumman abruptly pitch up and go past him above and to the right of his airplane. The Lynx pilot stated that the Grumman looked as if it was entering a loop because the airplane's nose was already past vertical and he could see the top of the airplane. He observed something on the right side of the Cessna move upward before the Cessna's tail began to "slew left," and then the Cessna disappeared from his view. The biplane and the Lynx then broke formation, with the biplane immediately pulling up and turning hard left and the Lynx entering a 60° left bank. The flight leader could see airplane parts falling to the ground and the Cessna descending "like a falling leaf maneuver" with what appeared to be the airplane's right wing folded over. The flight leader then began to circle the accident site and reported the accident to an air traffic controller at New Smyrna Beach Municipal Airport, (EVB), New Smyrna Beach, Florida. Afterward, the flight leader continued to circle the accident site until emergency responders arrived. Witnesses who were driving on Interstate 95 (I-95) saw the formation flight traveling southbound. They observed that the formation flight was about 1/4 mile west of I-95 when the collision occurred, and they observed part of the wing on one airplane come off and the airplane tumble and rapidly descend tail low until it descended behind a tree line. They also saw the other airplane descend rapidly, almost straight down, until losing sight of it. Further, the witnesses saw parts from both airplanes descend to the ground, with one piece landing in the median between the northbound and southbound lanes of I-95. The Cessna and the Grumman were equipped with handheld GPS units. The GPS device in the Grumman was impact damaged, and data were unable to be extracted using normal means. The data extracted from the GPS device in the Cessna, a Garmin Aera 510, included data from the day of the accident starting at 0743:55. According to the GPS data, on the day of the accident, the Cessna took off from runway 23 about 0839:38 and began a turn to the left. Upon reaching the end of the runway, the Cessna was at a GPS altitude of 202 ft. The Cessna flew over residences at a GPS altitude of 220 ft and continued turning until it was on a ground track of about 142°. For about the next 2 miles, the airplane climbed slowly, reaching a GPS altitude of 634 ft at 0841:15. The Cessna continued to climb and, about 7.8 miles later, at 0846:13, the GPS data indicated that the airplane had begun to descend rapidly to the ground near the location of the accident site. The pilot of the Lynx provided a screenshot from his GPS unit to assist the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in determining the route of flight for the formation flight. A comparison of the GPS data from the Lynx and the Cessna indicated that both airplanes had flown the same route of flight. PERSONNEL INFORMATIONAccording to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records, the pilot of the Cessna held an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating for airplane multiengine land and commercial privileges for airplane single-engine land. He also held a flight instructor certificate with ratings for airplane single-engine, airplane multiengine, and instrument airplane; a flight engineer certificate with a rating for flight engineer turbojet powered; and a mechanic certificate with airframe and powerplant ratings. He also held type ratings for the Boeing 737, 757, 767, and 777 and the Beechcraft 1900 and 300. His most recent FAA first-class medical certificate was issued on February 10, 2017, with no limitations. He had accrued about 24,237 hours total flight experience as of March 2017. According to FAA records, the pilot of the Grumman held an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating for airplane multiengine land and commercial privileges for airplane single-engine land and airplane single-engine sea. She also held a flight instructor certificate with ratings for airplane single-engine, airplane multiengine, and instrument airplane; a flight engineer certificate with a rating for flight engineer turbojet powered; and a ground instructor certificate with ratings for advanced and instrument. In addition, she held type ratings for the Airbus A-330; Boeing 747, 757, and 767; Beechcraft 1900; and Cessna 510S. Her most recent FAA first-class medical certificate was issued on October 19, 2016, with no limitations. She had accrued about 11,368 hours total flight experience as of March 2016. AIRCRAFT INFORMATIONCessna 170B The Cessna 170B was a four-seat, tailwheel-equipped, strut-braced, high-wing airplane. It was powered by a 6-cylinder, air-cooled, 145-horsepower Continental O-300-A engine that drove a 2-bladed McCauley fixed-pitch propeller. According to FAA and maintenance records, the airplane was manufactured in 1952. Its most recent annual inspection was completed on October 1, 2016. At the time of the inspection, the airplane had accrued a total of 4,596.8 hours of operation. Grumman American AA-5B The Grumman American AA-5B was a four-seat, nosewheel-equipped, fully cantilevered, low-wing airplane. It was powered by a 4-cylinder, air-cooled, 180-horsepower Lycoming O-360-A4K engine that drove a 2-bladed Sensenich fixed-pitch propeller. According to FAA and maintenance records, the Grumman was manufactured in 1977. Its most recent annual inspection was completed on September 1, 2016. At the time of the inspection, the airplane had accrued a total of 1,673.4 hours of operation. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATIONAt 0847 (1 minute after the accident), the recorded weather at EVB, which was located 6 nautical miles north of the accident site, included wind from 260° at 6 knots, visibility 10 miles, scattered clouds at 5,000 ft, temperature 20°C, dew point 17°C, and an altimeter setting of 30.02 inches of mercury. According to the US Naval Observatory, at 0840 (6 minutes before the accident) in the area of the accident location, the altitude of the sun was 18.2° above the horizon, and the azimuth of the sun was 94.7° east of north. AIRPORT INFORMATIONCessna 170B The Cessna 170B was a four-seat, tailwheel-equipped, strut-braced, high-wing airplane. It was powered by a 6-cylinder, air-cooled, 145-horsepower Continental O-300-A engine that drove a 2-bladed McCauley fixed-pitch propeller. According to FAA and maintenance records, the airplane was manufactured in 1952. Its most recent annual inspection was completed on October 1, 2016. At the time of the inspection, the airplane had accrued a total of 4,596.8 hours of operation. Grumman American AA-5B The Grumman American AA-5B was a four-seat, nosewheel-equipped, fully cantilevered, low-wing airplane. It was powered by a 4-cylinder, air-cooled, 180-horsepower Lycoming O-360-A4K engine that drove a 2-bladed Sensenich fixed-pitch propeller. According to FAA and maintenance records, the Grumman was manufactured in 1977. Its most recent annual inspection was completed on September 1, 2016. At the time of the inspection, the airplane had accrued a total of 1,673.4 hours of operation. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATIONExamination of the accident site revealed a 1/4-mile-long debris field with most of the debris contained in a section that was 1,036 ft long and 290 ft wide. The Cessna and the Grumman came to rest about 220 ft apart. Cessna 170B Examination of the Cessna wreckage revealed that the aft fuselage had completely separated, just forward of the empennage, from the rest of the airplanes structure. The empennage was attached to the rest of the airplane by the control cables for the elevator, rudder, and pitch trim, which were twisted around each other multiple times. Further examination of the aft fuselage and empennage also revealed paint transfer marks that matched the trim color of the Grumman. These marks appeared on the leading edge of the vertical stabilizer, which had been crushed back; the right horizontal stabilizer; and the right side of the aft fuselage. The Cessna's right wing flap came to rest about 397 ft northeast of the Cessna main wreckage. The inboard section of the right aileron was missing. The right aileron control cables and both right wing flap tracks had been severed, and the area just forward of the right wing flap mounting location displayed evidence of propeller strikes and was missing large sections of its structure. Grumman American AA-5B Examination of the wreckage of the Grumman revealed that no major portions of the airplane were missing. Both wings displayed heavy crush and compression damage. The fuselage was accordioned downward and forward, and the empennage was scorpioned forward. The top of the vertical stabilizer came to rest on the ground forward of the engine mounting location. The leading edges of the propeller blades were damaged and displayed semicircular gouges that matched the diameter of the aileron cables in the Cessna's right wing. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONFormation Flights From 7FL6 According to a pilot based at 7FL6 who was familiar with the formation flying activities that occurred there, in 1985, three individuals began to operate formation flights from 7FL6. Formation flying grew over the years, and, at the time of the accident, more than 100 pilots were conducting extensive formation flights from 7FL6. Practice formation flights usually occurred on Wednesdays and Thursdays. On Saturday mornings, pilots would meet, brief, and set up multiple formation flights, which usually consisted of about 40 airplanes that operated in groups of 4 airplanes per flight, to fly to other airports for breakfast. These flights would sometimes have passengers on board. Formation flights would also operate with numerous airplanes in the formation during other events at 7FL6. Additionally, formation flights would be operated at 30 to 40 public fly-by events per year. He also stated that no one was in charge of organizing and overseeing the formation flights, and that the "Gaggle Flight Formation Group" was not an organization, no member paid any dues, and "we are a non-entity." Formation Flying Standards Organizations In response to a perceived need within the warbird community to standardize formation flying and increase its safety, the "Formation and Safety Training" National Standard Program was developed. Prior to this, various warbird organizations had created and were using procedures and signals unique to their membership background. In 1993, the Warbird Operators Conference agreed to adopt a common national program for formation flying. Committee action resulted in acceptance of the T-34 Association "Formation Flight Manual" and the Darton Video "Formation Flying, The Art" as common standards by five organizations within the warbird community: the Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association, Confederate Air Force, EAA (Experimental Aircraft Association) Warbirds of America, North American Trainer Association, and the T-34 Association. A Formation and Safety Team (FAST) was charged to develop formation standardization materials, appoint check pilots, determine evaluation and flight check administration methods, and create manuals. In 1995, the Valiant Air Command and the YAK Pilots Club (now know as the Red Star Pilots Association) joined FAST, and the Joint Liaison Formation Committee which was developed to encourage and enforce safety, standardization, and proficiency in liaison and light trainer formation flying was approved to use FAST documents and manuals. In 1997, the FAA began requiring local Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) to include in airshow waiver approvals a stipulation that anyone participating in non-aerobatic formation flight during an airshow must possess valid industry formation training and an evaluation credential acceptable to FAA. Cards (similar to a wallet sized pilot certificate) had been developed by FAST to show as appropriate credentials and the International Council of Airshows (ICAS) also had a non-aerobatic formation card. However, since the FAST was recognized by FAA as a warbird only organization, the many and diverse groups of formation flyers outside the warbird community were now excluded from participating in formation within waivered airspace during an airshow unless they had an ICAS non-aerobatic formation card. Then, in late 1998, ICAS terminated issuance of non-aerobatic formation cards. Discussions b
The Cessna pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the Grumman during the transition to a different formation. Contributing to the accident was the stepped down configuration of the formation flight which was composed of dissimilar aircraft.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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